Revised: 31 July 1992 1981 Census general note ........................ V- 2 Rural urban classification ...................... V- 2 Household ....................................... V- 3 Literacy ........................................ V- 3 Scheduled castes and tribes ..................... V- 3 Economic activity ............................... V- 6 Cultivators .................................. V- 9 Agricultural labourers ....................... V- 9 Household industry ........................... V- 9 Mining and quarrying ......................... V-10 Detailed industrial classification 1971 & 1981 ............................... V-11 1961 ...................................... V-14 Detailed occupational classification 1971 & 1981 ............................... V-16 1961 ...................................... V-19 Child mortality ................................. V-21 Land utilisation ................................ V-24 Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 2 1981 Census: General Note The 1981 Census enumeration was conducted during February-March 1981, with sunrise of March 1, 1981 as the reference point of time. The houseless persons were enumerated on the night of the February 28 and a revisional round was conducted from March 1 to 5, 1981. In certain inaccessible areas, howev- er, the enumeration was carried out non-synchronously. These areas, include the snow bound regions of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Sikkim and the operations were also carried out non-synchronously in cer- tain parts of Andaman and Nicobar Islands where the enumeration was carried out in September-October 1980, the reference point being the sunrise of May 6, 1981. The revisional round was from May 6 to May 10, 1981. This was due to the unfavourable weather conditions that prevailed in February 1981. The census could not be taken in Assam owing to disturbed conditions prevailing there at the time of census. Rural and Urban Classification Census data have always been presented for rural and urban areas separately. The basic unit for rural areas is the revenue village which has definite surveyed boundaries. The revenue village may comprise several ham- lets but the entire village has been treated as one unit for presentation of data. In unsurveyed areas, like villages within forest areas, each habitation area with locally recognised boundaries within each forest range officer's beat, was treated as one unit. The following criteria were adopted for treating a place as urban for the 1981 census: (a) All statutory towns, i.e., all places with a municipal corporation, municipal board, cantonment board or notified town area etc. (b) All other places which satisfy the following criteria: (i) A minimum population of 5,000; (ii) 75% of the male working population engaged in non-agricultural and allied activity; and (iii) A density of population of at least 400 per sq. km. (or 1,000 per sq. mile). A town with a population of one hundred thousand and above was treated as a city. The urban criterion of 1981 was similar to that of 1961 and 1971 except the workers in occupations of fishing, livestock, hunting, logging, planta- tions and orchards etc., (falling in industrial category (III) were treated as coming under non-agricultural activities in 1961 and 1971 census and in the 1981 census, these activities were treated as agricultural activities for pur- poses of determining the male working population in non- agricultural activi- ties. Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 3 Household: A 'Household, is a group of persons who commonly live together and would take their meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevented any of them from doing so. There may be a household of persons related by blood or a household of unrelated persons or having a mix of both. Examples of unrelated households are boarding houses, messes, hostels, residential hotels, rescue homes, jail, ashrams, etc. These are called two member house- holds or multi-member households. For census purposes, each one of these types is regarded an a 'household'. Literacy The definition of a literate person is as follows:-- "A person who can both read and write with understanding in any language is to be taken as literate. A person who can merely read but cannot write is not literate. It is not necessary that a person who is literate should have re- ceived any formal education or should have passed any minimum educational standard." The test that was applied for reading was the ability to read any portion of the printed matter in the enumerator's instruction booklet (provided the person was familiar with the language used in the booklet) and the test for writing was the ability to write a simple letter. A child of age of 4 years or less was treated as illiterate even if the child was going to a school and might have picked up reading and writing a few odd words. Scheduled castes and tribes From the 1951 census onwards the census questionnaire contains items of enquiry to ascertain whether the respondent belongs to a scheduled caste or a scheduled tribe and if yes, the name of the scheduled caste/tribe to which he belongs with a view to collecting information for discharging the Constitu- tional obligations towards these communities. In the individual Slip (univer- sal) adopted for the 1981 Censu, question 9 makes an enquiry about the scheduled caste or scheduled tribe status and question 10 about the name of the specific scheduled castes/tribes. Likewise, question 3 of the household scheduled enquires whether the head of the household belongs to scheduled caste or scheduled tribe and question 4 the name of the scheduled caste/tribe of the head of the household, if the answer to question 3 is in the affirma- tive. The statutory lists of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are notified in pursuance of articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution. The lists of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes were notified for the first time under the Constitution (Schedule Castes) Order, 1950 and the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950. These lists have been modified or amended or supplement- ed from time to time. On the reorganisation of the States, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, list (Modification), Order came into force from 29th October, 1956. Thereafter, a few orders specifying Scheduled Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 4 castes/tribes in respect of a few individual states also came into force. For instance, the Constitution (Jammu & Kashmir) Scheduled Castes Order was issued in 1956, while the Constitution (Dadra & Nagar Haveli) Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders were issued in 1962. In Uttar Pradesh the Scheduled Tribes were notified for the first time in 1967 vide the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Uttar Pradesh) Order, 1967. Likewise, the Constitution (Pondicherry) Scheduled Castes Order was enforced in 1964. In the case of the union territory of Goa, Daman & Diu the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes order was issued in 1968. Likewise, the Constitution (Nagaland) Scheduled Tribes Order came into force in 1970. Later, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act 1976, came into force. The main pur- pose of this Amendment act was to remove area restrictions in respect of most of the Scheduled Castes and Schedulted Tribes. The Amendment Act of 1976 did not include the lists of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in respect of states/union territories like Chandigarh, Delhi, Jammu & Kashmir and Pondi- cherry which were not affected by the Act. Each enumerator was furnished with a list of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in relation to his state/union territory as notified under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Act, 1976, and other relevant Acts and Orders. If the person enumerated belonged to a scheduled caste or a scheduled tribe he/she was recorded as such. If the per- son belonging to a scheduled caste or a scheduled tribe was reckoned as scheduled caste or scheduled tribe only if the name found place in the list furnished to the enumerator. The general terms, like Harijan/Girijan or Achhut/Adivasi were not reckoned as belonging to scheduled caste or scheduled tribe as the case may be. In such cases the name of the caste/tribe, was as- certained fully and if that name found place in the list furnished to the enumerator he/she was treated as scheduled caste/scheduled tribe as the case may be. If a person merely claimed to be a scheduled caste or scheduled tribe, but said that he/she did not belong to any of the notified communities applicable to the area, as reflected in the list supplied to the enumerator, he/she was not reckoned as belonging to a scheduled caste or a scheduled tribe. Scheduled castes could belong to Hindu or Sikh religion, whereas scheduled tribes could belong to any religon. (From the 1971 census.) Each enumerator was furnished with a list of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes applicable to the state under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes List (Modification) Order (1956) as amended from time to time. He was instructed to record a person as belonging to a scheduled caste or a scheduled tribe only when the name of the scheduled caste or scheduled tribe as returned by the persons figured in the list. If the person belonging to a scheduled caste or scheduled tribe returned his caste or tribe by any synonym or generic name of the caste or tribe not men- tioned in the list, he was not eligible to be entered as belonging to a scheduled caste or tribe. In the 1961 Census, the enumerators in some States had been provided with a set of synonyms and generic names of the scheduled castes and tribes so that a person who returned his caste or tribe by any synonym or generic name was enumerated as a scheduled caste or schedule tribe irrespective of whether such synonym or generic name found a place in the notified list. In the 1971 census, however, in view of a Supreme Court judgement on the subject, the no- tified list of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes had to be strictly fol- Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 5 lowed and the synonyms or generic names of such communities could not be recognized for purpose of enumeration as a scheduled caste or scheduled tribe, as such synonyms or generic names were not included in the list. There is, therefore, a possibility that despite specific instructions to the enumerators to make all efforts to elicit the correct name of the caste or tribe, some persons might have returned themselves by some synonym, local name or generic name and suffered omission from enumeration as a member of a scheduled caste or scheduled tribe. Care was, however, taken to include those who returned themselves merely as scheduled caste or schedule tribe, and in whose case the enumerator did not record the actual name of the caste or tribe. Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 6 Economic activity In the 1981 census the information regarding economic activity of the people was collected in greater detail. The economic questions consisted of three parts, namely: I. Q.14A Worked any time at all last year? YES NO (H/ST/D/R/B/I/O) Q.14B If yes in 14A, did you work for the major part of last year? YES/NO II. Q.15A Main activity last year? YES in 14B (C/AL/HHI/OW) NO in 14B (H/ST/D/R/B/I/O) Q. 15B 14B YES--Any other work any time last year? Yes (C/AL/HHI/OW) NO 14B No --Work done any time last year? (C/AL/HHI/OW) III. Q.16 If NO in 14A or 14B, seeking/available for work? YES/NO Every person including the very young or very old was asked Q.14A (worked anytime at all last year) and answer to this question was filled in. The oth- er questions 14B, 15A and 15 B were to be filled in the case of those to whom they were applicable. These questions were meant to get details of the work done by the people with reference to last and year preceding the date of enumeration. Certain types of work such as agriculture, household industry like gur making, etc., are carried on either throughout the year or only dur- ing certain seasons or part of the year depending on the local circumstances. In such cases the broad time span of the agricultural season preceding the enumeration was taken into account. Definition of work: 'Work' was defined as participation in any economically productive activi- ty. Such participation was physical or mental in nature. Work involved not only actual work but also effective supervision and direction of work. According to this definition, the entire population has been classified into three main categories, i.e., Main workers, Marginal workers and Non- workers. Main workers: Main workers were those who had worked for the major part of the year preceding the date of enumeration i.e., those who were engaged in any economi- cally productive activity for 183 days (or six months) or more during the year. Marginal workers: Marginal workers were those who worked any time at all in the year preceding the enumeration but did not work for a major part of the year, i.e., those who worked for less than 183 days (or six months). Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 7 Non-workers: Non-workers were those who had not worked any time at all in the year preceding the date of enumeration. Main activity of a person who was engaged in more than one activity was reckoned in terms of time disposition. For example, if a person had worked as a daily wage labourer for four months, as an agricultural labourer for one month and as a cultivator for two months he was reckoned as daily wage labour- er for question 15A since he had spent more time in this activity than as a cultivator or agricultural labourer. A person who normally worked but had been absent from work during the reference period on account of illness, holiday, temporary closure, strike etc., was treated as engaged in the work he would have otherwise have been do- ing, but for his temporary absence. Persons under training such as appren- tices, with or without stipend or wages were treated as workers. A person who had merely been offered work but had not actually joined, was not treated as engaged in that work. A man or woman who was engaged primarily in one's own household duties or a boy or a girl who was primarily a student, even if such a person helped in the family economic activity but not as full time worker was not treated as worker for Q.14b even though he or she might have been recorded as 'yes' in Q.14A. On the other hand, if a person was primarily engaged in some economic activity for major part of the year but at the same time also attended to some household chores or attended a night school etc, he or she was treated basi- cally as a worker. An adult woman who was engaged in household duties but doing no other productive work to augment the family's resources was not considered as work- ing. If, however, in addition to her household work, she engaged herself in work such as rice pounding for sale or wages or in domestic services for wages for others or minding cattle for wages or selling firewood etc., or any other work like cultivation etc., was treated as working under Q.14A. A man or a woman who was doing household duties might be producing or making something only for domestic consumption of the household and not for sale. Such a person was not considered a worker, even though from his or her point of view the activity was productive. The 'work' concept of 1961 and 1971 censuses as opposed to the to 1961, was retained in the 1981 census also. But the criterion for classification of persons as workers underwent changes. While in the 1961 and 1971 censuses dual approach, namely, usual status and current status, were adopted with a reference period of one year for seasonal and one fortnight in 1961 and one week in 1971 for regular work, at the 1981 census the usual status approach was adopted uniformally for all work. In the 1961 and 1971 censuses, classif- ication as worker or non-worker was made through different criteria. In 1961 a person was classified as a worker if he had worked regularly during the last season or if he had worked at least for a day in regular (non-seasonal) work during the receding fortnight. At the 1971 census a person was treated as a worker only if he spent his time mainly in work or if he worked at least for a day in regular (non-seasonal) work during the preceding week. Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 8 In 1981, for main worker, the time criterion of engagement in work was the major part of the year i.e. at least 183 days in the preceding one year, while those who worked for some time during the last year but not for the ma- jor part of the year were treated as marginal workers. Those who had never worked during the last one year were considered as non-workers. This approach was adopted with the expectation that a partial comparability of 1981 census economic data with that of 1971 as well as 1961 would be possible. It was ex- pected that the main worker of 1981 would correspond to the worker of 1971 and the main worker and marginal worker together of 1981 would correspond to the worker of 1961. [From the 1971 census.] The definition of "workers" in the 1971 Census is slightly different from that of 1961. In the 1961 Census, a person was considered as "worker" according to his participation in any economically pro- ductive work. In the case of regular employment in any trade, profession, service, business or commerce, a person was taken as a worker if he was em- ployed during any of the 15 days preceding the day on which he was enumerated. An exception to the 15 days period to reckon one as a worker had been made in 1961 in the case of seasonal work like cultivation, livestock, dairying, household industry, etc. In such cases if a person had put in an hour's regu- lar work a day throughout the greater part of the working season, he was con- sidered as a worker. "Work" included not only actual work but also effective supervision and direction of work. A person might be working as a cultivator or as an agricultural labourer or at a household industry or might be doing any other work. He might be engaged either in one or more than one of the above. A full-time student who spent some time in his father's shop for even a day in a fortnight was considered as a "worker". Similarly if a woman who was basically engaged in household duties also engaged herself in work such as pounding rice for sale or wages or in domestic services for wages for others or minding cattle or selling firewood or making and selling dung cakes, grass, etc. or any such work, she was also treated as a "worker". Thus in the 1961 Census a person was categorized basically as a "worker" even if such a person's contribution to work was extremely marginal. In the 1971 Census, every individual was asked to declare himself what according to him was his "main activity" i.e. how he engaged himself mostly. Accordingly all persons were divided into two broad streams of main activity as workers and non-workers. A participation in any economically productive work by his physical or mental activity. "Work" involved not only actual work but effective supervision, or direction of work. The reference period was one week prior to the date of enumeration in the case of regular work in trade, profession, service or business. If a person had participated in any such regular work on any one of the days during the week preceding the day of enumeration and this had been returned as his 'main activity', the person was classified as a worker and categorized accordingly. A person who normally worked but had been absent from work during the reference period on account of illness or travel, holiday, temporary breakdown, strike, etc., was treated as engaged in regular work in which he would have otherwise been employed but for his temporary absence. Persons under training such as apprentices with or without stipends or wages were considered as economically active and recorded as working. A person who was offered work but did not actually join it was Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 9 not treated as engaged in work. In respect of seasonal work like cultivation, livestock keeping, plantation, some types of household industry, etc., which are not carried on throughout the year, a person's main activity was ascer- tained with reference to such work in the last one year even if he was not economically active in the week prior to enumeration. In 1971 A person was treated basically as a "non-worker" if he or she did not come under any of the categories of "worker" mentioned above. Thus a per- son engaged primarily in household duties such as cooking for one's own house- hold or performing one's own household duties or student attending an institu- tion or a rent receiver was classified as such for his main activity and was treated as "non-worker". If he was also engaged in some economic activity, obviously not to the same extent as a full-time worker, that activity was men- tioned under the head of "secondary work". The secondary work, if any, of those who were basically classified as "workers" was also ascertained. Data on "secondary work" will be presented in Table B-VII which will be published in Part II-B. Cultivators A person was considered as cultivator if he or she was engaged either as employer, single worker or family worker in cultivation of land owned or held from government of held from private persons or institutions for payment in money, kind or share of crop. Cultivation included supervision or direction of cultivation. A person who had given out his/her land to another person or persons for cultivation or money, kind or share of crop and who did not even supervise or direct cultivation of land was not treated as cultivator. Similarly, a person working in another person's land for wages in cash or kind or a combination of both was not treated as cultivator. Cultivation involved ploughing, sowing and harvesting and production of cereals and millet crops such as wheat, paddy, jowar, bajra, ragi, etc., and pulses, raw jute and kindred fibre crop, cotton, etc., but did not include fruit growing, vegetable growing or keeping orchards or groves or working on plantations like tea, coffee, rubber, cinchona and other medicinal planta- tions. Agricultural Labourers A person who worked in another person's land for wages in cash, kind or share was regarded as an agricultural labourer. Such a person had no risk in cultivation but merely worked in another person's land for wages. An agricul- tural labourer had no right of lease or contract on land on which he worked. Household Industry Household industry was defined as an industry conducted by the head of the household himself/herself and/or by the members of the household at home or within the village in rural areas, and only within the precincts of the Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 10 house where the household lived in urban areas. the larger proportion of workers in a household industry should consist of members of the household in- cluding the head. The industry should not be run on the scale of a registered factory. The main criterion of a household industry was the participation of one or more members of a household. This criterion applied in urban areas too. Even if the industry was not actually located in the house but was located somewhere within the village limits in the rural areas, there was greater pos- sibility of the members of the household participating in the industry. In the urban areas where organized industry was more prominent, the household in- dustry was to be confined to the precincts of the house where the participants lived. In urban areas even if the members of the household by themselves ran an industry but at a place away from the precincts of their home, it was not considered a household industry. A household industry is one that is engaged in production, processing, servicing, repairing or making and selling (but not merely selling) of goods. It does not include professions such as those practised by a pleader or doctor or barber, musician, dancer, dhobi, astrologer etc. or merely trade or busi- ness, even if such professions, trade or services are run at home by members of the household. A list of a few typical household industries is given in Annexe. 3. Mining and quarrying [From the 1971 census.] In 1971, a separate category has been provided for mining and quarrying (category 4) as against the 1961 combined category 3 of "Mining, quarrying, livestock forestry, fishing, hunting and plantations, orchards and allied activities". Category 4 of 1961, (household industry), is now included in category 5 -- (manufacturing, 'processing, servicing and repairs) as Cal. 5(a) -- household industry. At the 1961 Census, "households industry" covered establishments falling under divisions '0' and '1' of the National Industrial Classification, e.g., cattle rearing, orchardry, planta- tions, etc., apart from divisions 2 & 3. At the 1971 Census, "household in- dustry" is confined to division 2 and 3 only, it covers only manufacturing, processing, servicing or repairing. "Business services" as also "tea-stalls" and "restaurants" were included in category 9 at the 1961 Census. They are now included in category 7 which stands for workers in trade and commerce. Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 11 Industrial classification for 1971 & 1981 censuses Divisions (One digit level of classification) 0 Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing 1 Mining and Quarrying 2&3 Manufacturing and Repair 4 Electricity, Gas and Water 5 Construction 6 Wholesale and Retail Trade and Restaurants and Hotels 7 Transport, Storage and Communications 8 Financing, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services 9 Community, Social and Personal Services X Activities not Adequately Defined Major Groups (Two digit level of classification) Division 0: Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing 00 Agricultural Production 01 Plantation 02 Livestock Production 03 Agricultural Services 04 Hunting, Trapping and Game Propagation 05 Forestry and Logging 06 Fishing Division 1: Mining and Quarrying 10 Coal Mining 11 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas 12 Metal Ore Mining 19 Other Mining Division 2 & 3: Manufacturing and Repair 20-21 Manufacture of Food Products 22 Manufacture of Beverages, Tobacco and Tobacco Products 23 Manufacture of Cotton Textiles 24 Manufacture of Wool, Silk and Synthetic Fibre Textiles 25 Manufacture of Jute, Hemp and Mesta Textiles 26 Manufacture of Textile Products (including Wearing Apparel other than Footwear) 27 Manufacture of Wood and Wood Products, Furniture and Fixtures 28 Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products, and Printing, Publishing and Allied Industries 29 Manufacture of Leather and Leather and Fur Products (except repair) 30 Manufacture of Rubber, Plastic, Petroleum and Coal Products 31 Manufacture of Chemicals and Chemical Products (except Products of Petroleum and Coal) 32 Manufacture of Non)Metallic Mineral Products 33 Basic Metal and Alloys Industries Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 12 34 Manufacture of Metal Products and Parts, except Machinery and Transport Equipment 35 Manufacture of Machinery, Machine Tools and Parts except Electrical Machinery 36 Manufacture of Electrical Machinery, Apparatus, Appliances and Supplies and Parts 37 Manufacture of Transport Equipment and Parts 38 Other Manufacturing Industries 39 Repair Division 4: Electricity, Gas and Water 40 Electricity 41 Gas and Steam 42 Water Works and Supply Division 5: Construction 50 Construction 51 Activities Allied to Construction Division 6: Wholesale and Retail Trade and Restaurants and Hotels 60 Wholesale Trade in Food, Textiles, Live Animals, Beverages and Intoxicants 61 Wholesale Trade in Fuel, Light, Chemicals, Perfumery, Ceramics and Glass 62 Wholesale Trade in Wood, Paper, Other Fabrics, Hide and Skin and Inedible Oils 63 Wholesale Trade in All Types of Machinery, Equipment, including Transport and Electrical Equipment 64 Wholesale Trade in Miscellaneous Manufacturing 65 Retail Trade in Food and Food Articles, Beverages, Tobacco and Intoxicants 66 Retail Trade in Textiles 67 Retail Trade in Fuel and other Household Utilities and Durables 68 Retail Trade in Others 69 Restaurants and Hotels Division 7: Transport, Storage and Communications 70 Land Transport 71 Water Transport 72 Air Transport 73 Services incidental to Transport 74 Storage and Warehousing 75 Communications Division 8: Financing, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services 80 Banking and Similar Type of Financial Institutions 81 Providents and Insurance 82 Real Estate and Business Services 83 Legal Services Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 13 Division 9 Community, Social and Personal Services 90 Public Administration and Defense Services 91 Sanitary Services 92 Education, Scientific and Research Services 93 Medical and Health Services 94 Community Services 95 Recreational and Cultural Services 96 Personal Services 98 International and Other Extra Territorial Bodies Services 99 Services not elsewhere classified Division X: Activities not Adequately Defined X0 Persons without any affiliation to any particular industry (including fresh entrants to labour force) X1 Activities not adequately defined (other than that in X0) Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 14 1961 INDIAN STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION This classification groups the industries into 9 Divisions 45 Major Groups 343 Minor Groups Divisions: 0 Agriculture, livestock, forestry, fishing and hunting 1 Mining and Quarrying 2 & 3 Manufacturing 4 Construction 5 Electricity, gas, water and sanitary services 6 Trade and commerce 7 Transport, storage and communication 8 Services 9 Activities not adequately described Major Groups: Division 0 : Agriculture, livestock, forestry, fishing and hunting 00 Field produce and plantation crops 01 Plantation crops 02 Forestry and logging 03 Fishing 04 Livestock and hunting Division 1 : Mining and Quarrying 10 Mining and quarrying Division 2 & 3 : Manufacturing 20 Foodstuffs 21 Beverages 22 Tobacco products 23 Textile:Cotton 24 Textile:Jute 25 Textile:Wool 26 Textile:Silk 27 Textile:Miscellaneous 28 Manufacture of wood and products 29 Paper and paper products 30 Printing and publishing 31 Leather and leather products 32 Rubber, petroleum and coal products 33 Chemicals and chemical products 34:35 Non-metallic mineral products other than petroleum and coal 36 Basicmetals and their products except machinery& transport equipment 37 Machinery (all kinds other than transport) and electrical equipment 38 Transport equipment 39 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries Division 4 : Construction 40 Construction Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 15 Division 5 : Electricity, gas water and sanitary services 50 Electricity and gas 51 Water supply and sanitary services Division 6 : Trade and commerce 60-63 Wholesale trade 64-68 Retail trade 69 Trade and commerce miscellaneous Division 7:Transport, storage and communication 70-71 Transport 72 Storage and warehousing 73 Communication Division 8 : Services 80 Public services 81 Educational and scientific services 82 Medical and health services 83 Religious and welfare services 84 Legal services 85 Business services 86 Community services and trade and labour associations 87 Recreation services 88 Personal services 89 Services (not elsewhere classified) Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 16 NATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS, 1968 (used in 1971 and 1981 censuses) Division 0-1 Professional, Technical and Related Workers Groups 00 Physical Scientists 01 Physical Science Technicians 02 Architects, Engineers, Technologists and Surveyors 03 Engineering Technicians 04 Aircraft and Ships Officers 05 Life Scientists 06 Life Science Technicians 07 Physicians and Surgeons (including Dental and Veterinary Surgeons) 08 Nursing and other Medical and Health Technicians 09 Scientific, Medical and Technical Persons, Other 10 Mathematicians, Statisticians and Related Workers 11 Economists and Related Workers 12 Accountants, Auditors and Related Workers 13 Social Scientists and Related Workers 14 Jurists 15 Teachers 16 Poets, Authors, Journalists and Related Workers 17 Sculptors, Painters, Photographers and Related Creative Artists 18 Composers and Performing Artists 19 Professional Workers, n.e.c. Division 2 Administrative, Executive and Managerial Workers Groups 20 Elected and Legislative Officials 21 Administrative and Executive Officials Government and Local Bodies 22 Working Proprietors, Directors and Managers, Wholesale and Retail Trade 23 Directors and Mangers, Financial Institutions 24 Working Proprietors, Directors and Managers Mining, Construction, Manufacturing and Related Concerns 25 Working Proprietors, Directors, Managers and Related Executives, Transport, Storage and Communication 26 Working Proprietors, Directors and Managers, Other Services 29 Administrative, Executive and Managerial Workers, n.e.c. Division 3 Clerical and Related Workers Groups 30 Clerical and Other Supervisors 31 Village Officials 32 Stenographers, Typists and Card and Tape Punching Operators 33 Book-keepers, Cashiers and Related Workers 34 Computing Machine Operators 35 Clerical and Related Workers, n.e.c. 36 Transport and Communication Supervisors 37 Transport Conductors and Guards 38 Mail Distributors and Related Workers 39 Telephone and Telegraph Operators Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 17 Division 4 Sales Workers Groups 40 Merchants and Shopkeepers, Wholesale and Retail Trade 41 Manufacturers, Agents 42 Technical Salesmen and Commercial Travellers 43 Salesmen, Shop Assistants and Related Workers 44 Insurance, Real Estate, Securities and Business Service Salesmen and Auctioneers 45 Money Lenders and Pawn Brokers 49 Sales Workers, n.e.c. Division 5 Service Workers Groups 50 Hotel and Restaurant Keepers 51 House Keepers, Matron and Stewards (Domestics and Institutional) 52 Cooks, Waiters, Bartenders and Related Workers (Domestic and Institutional) 53 Maids and Other House Keeping Service Workers, n.e.c. 54 Building Caretakers, Sweepers, Cleaners and Related Workers 55 Launderers, Dry)Cleaners and Pressers 56 Hair Dressers, Barbers, Beauticians and Related Workers 57 Protective Service Workers 59 Service Workers Division 6 Farmers, Fishermen, Hunters, Loggers and Related Workers Groups 60 Farm Plantation, Dairy and Other Managers and Supervisors 61 Cultivators 62 Farmers Other Than Cultivators 63 Agricultural Labourers 64 Plantation Labourers and Related Workers 65 Other Farm Workers 66 Forestry Workers 67 Hunters and Related Workers 68 Fishermen and Related Workers Division 7-8-9 Production And Related Workers, Transport Equipment Operators and Labourers Groups 71 Miners, Quarrymen, Well Drillers and Related Workers 72 Metal Processors 73 Wood Preparation Workers and Paper Makers 74 Chemical Processors and Related Workers 75 Spinners, Weavers, Knitters, Dyers and Related Workers 76 Tanners, Fellmongers and Pelt Dressers 77 Food and Beverage Processors 78 Tobacco Preparers and Tabacco Product Makers 79 Tailors, Dress Makers, Sewers, Upholsters and Related Workers 80 Shoe makers and Leather Goods Makers 81 Carpenters, Cabinet and Related Wood Workers 82 Stone Cutter and Carvers 83 Blacksmiths, Tool Makers and Machine Tool Operators 84 Machinery Fitters, Machine Assemblers, Precision Instrument Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 18 Makers (except Electrical) 85 Electrical Fitters and Related Electrical and Electronic Workers 86 Broadcasting Station and Sound Equipment Operators and Cinema Projectionists 87 Plumbers, Welders, Sheet Metal and Structural Metal Preparers and Erectors 88 Jewellery and Precious Metal Workers and Metal Engravers (Except Printing) 89 Glass Formers, Potters and Related Workers 90 Rubber and Plastic Product Makers 91 Paper and Paper Board Product Makers 92 Printing and Related Workers 93 Painters 94 Production and Related Workers, n.e.c. 95 Bricklayers and Other Construction Workers 96 Stationary Engines and Related Equipment Operators, Oilers and Greasers 97 Material Handling and Related Equipment Operators, Loaders and Unloaders 98 Transport Equipment Operators 99 Labourers, n.e.c. Division X Workers Not Classified by Occupations Groups X0 New Workers Seeking Employment X1 Workers Reporting Occupations Unidentifiable or Inadequately Described X9 Workers Not Reporting Any Occupation Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 19 National Classification of Occupations (1961) Divisions: 0 Professional, technical and related workers 1 Administrative, executive and managerial workers 2 Clerical and related workers 3 Sales workers 4 Farmers, fisherman, hunters, loggers and related workers 5 Miners, quarrymen and related workers 6 Workers in transport and communication occupations 7&8 Craftsmen production process workers and labourers 9 Service, sport and recreation workers X Workers not classifiable by occupation Divisions and Groups: 0 Professional, Technical and Related Workers 00 Architects, engineers and surveyors 01 Physicists, chemists, geologists and other physical scientists 02 Biologists, veterinarians, agronomists and related scientists 03 Physicians, surgeons and dentists 04 Nurses, pharmacists and other medical and health technicians 05 Teachers 06 Jurists 07 Social Scientists 08 Artists, writers, and related workers. 09 Draughtsmen and science and engineering technicians, n.e.c. 0X Other professional, technical and related workers 1 Administrative, Executive and Managerial Workers 10 Administrators, and executive officials government 11 Directors and managers, wholesale and retail trade 12 Directors, managers and working proprietors, financial institutions 13 Directors, managers and working proprietors, other 2 Clerical and Related Workers 20 Book-keepers and cashiers 21 Stenographers and typists 22 Office machine operators 28 Clerical workers, miscellaneous 29 Unskilled office workers 3 Sales Workers 30 Working Proprietors, wholesale and retail trade 31 Insurance and real estate salesmen, salesmen of securities and services and auctioneers 32 Commercial travellers and manufacturers' agents 33 Salesmen shop assistants and related workers 34 Money lenders and pawn-brokers 4 Farmers, Fisherman, Hunters, Loggers and Related Workers 40 Farmers and Farm managers 41 Farm workers 42 Hunters and related workers 43 Fishermen and related workers 44 Loggers and other forestry workers Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 20 5 Miners, Quarrymen and Related Workers 50 Miners and quarrymen 51 Well drillers and related workers 52 Mineral treaters 59 Miners, quarrymen and related workers, n.e.c. 6 Workers in Transport and Communication Occupations 60 Deck officers, engineer officers and pilots, ship 61 Deck and engine room ratings (ship), barge crews and boatmen 62 Aircraft Pilots, navigators and flight engineers 63 Drivers and Firemen, railway engine 64 Drivers road transport 65 Conductors, guards and brakesmen (railway) 66 Inspectors, supervisors, traffic controllers and despatchers, transport 67 Telephone, telegraph and related telecommunication operators 68 Postmen and messengers 69 Workers in transport and communication occupations, n.e.c. 7-8 Craftsmen, Production Process Workers and Labourers, n.e.c. 70 Spinners, weavers, knitters, dyers and related workers 71 Tailors, cutters, furriers and related workers 72 Leather cutters, lasters and sewers (except gloves and garments) and related workers 73 Furnacemen, rollers, drawers, moulders and related metal making and treating workers 74 Precision instrument and related workers 75 Tool makers, machinists, plumbers, welders, platers and related workers 76 Electricians and related electrical and electronics workers 77 Carpenters, joiners, cabinet makers, coopers and related workers 78 Painters and paper hangers 79 Bricklayers, plasterers and construction workers, n.e.c. 80 Compositors, printers, engravers, bookbinders and related workers 81 Potters, kilnmen, glass and clay formers and related workers 82 Millers, bakers, brewmasters and related food and beverage workers 83 Chemical and related process workers 84 Tobacco preparers and product makers 85 Craftsmen and production process workers, n.e.c. 86 Testers, packers, sorters and related workers 87 Stationary engine and excavating and lifting equipment operators and related workers 89 Labourers, n.e.c. 9 Service, Sport and Recreation Workers 90 Fire fighters, policemen, guards and related workers 91 House keepers, cooks, maids and related workers 92 Waiters, bartenders and related workers 93 Building care)takers, cleaners and related workers 94 Barbers, hairdressers, beauticians and related workers 95 Launderers, dry cleaners and pressers 96 Athletes, sportsmen and related workers 97 Photographers and related camera operators 99 Service, sport and recreation workers, n.e.c. Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 21 Child mortality In the 1981 Census, four questions relating to fertility were canvassed. These were age at marriage, number of surviving chidren and whether any chlid was born during the last one year. The first three were canvassed for all ever-married women. For operational reasons, the question on births during the last one year was canvassed for currently married women only. The data released are based on a 20 percent sample of enumeration blocks in major states with a population of over 10 million and 100 per cent basis in other states and union territories. On the basis of these sets of questions it has become possible, for the first time in India, to work out estimates of female age at marriage, fertility and child mortality at areas below the state level. The estimates on fertility and child mortality have been worked out by in- direct estimation techniques. Civil registration system which usually provides estimates of mortality by age groups is deficient in India. The deficiency is, in particular, no- ticed in respect of child mortality. The Sample Registration System (SRS) in- itiated by the office of the Registrar General India as in recent years pro- vided estimates of infant and child mortaility rates at national and state levels. However, due to small sample size, estimates below the stae level are not available from this source. In recent years, a number of methods for estimation of infant and child mortality rates from the data on children ever born and children surviving have been developed. The method was originally proposed by W. Brass and has been termed as indirect estimation technique. The estimates derived by using this method have been found to be fairly reliable. Application of this method requires that data on children ever born and children surviving be cross-classified by the age of mother. Data on children ever born and children surviving have been collected in the 1981 census. The questions on children ever born and children surviving were canvassed for all ever-married women. The number of children ever born and the chidren surviv- ing have been tabulated by the age of the mother. Tables F-12, F-13, F-15, F-21, and F-27 present the required data. Of these tables, F-21 and F-27 are available at district level separately for rural and urban areas. Tables F- 12, F-13 and F-15 present the required data by religion, educational level and occupation at state level. The essence of the Brass child mortality procedure is that the propor- tions of children dead classified by the age of the mother could be converted into estimates of child mortality by selecting suitable multipliers (Ki). These multipliers will differ according to the fertility pattern. As an indi- cator of fertility pattern, Brass suggested the ratio P1/P2 or P2/P3 where P1, P2 and P3 are the average number of chilren ever born per women in the age groups, 15-19, 20-24 and 25-29. The multipliers for converting the propor- tions dead into estimates of child mortality were derived by Brass, using Brass fertility polynomial. This fertility polynomial was a mathematical function and had some limitations. In view of this, the multipliers were later modified by Trussel who generated a different set of multipliers using model fertility schedules developed by Coale and Trussel and the regional model life tables generated by Coale and Demeney. In estimating the child mortality we have used the Trussel equation. Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 22 In a nutshell, the estimation equations used are as folows. q(i)=K(i)D(i) K(i)=a(i)+b(i) (P(1)/P(2)+C(i) (P(2)/P(3) where i=1,2,3,4.........refers to different five-year age-groups of 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34.... D(i)=Ratio of reported children dead to reported chldren ever born in the ith age-group P(i)=average number of children ever born per woman in the age-group, i, a(i) and b(i) are the regression coefficients for age-group, i. The coeffi- cients differ for each of the four different model life table systems. In this report coefficients based on South model life tables have been made use of. The Brass procedure as modified by Trussel helps us to estimate the pro- bability of a new born child dying before age 1, the probability of a new born child dying before age 2, the probability of new born child dying before age 3, and the probability of a new born child dying before age 5. These proba- bilities multiplied by 1000 are denoted as q(1), q(2), q(3) and q(5) respec- tively. In the original Brass estimation procedure it was assumed that the child mortaility would remain constant for a period preceding the census (sur- vey). This assumption was, however, relaxed later on. Coale and Trussel developed a procedure which is valid when mortality declined. This procedure assigned the estimated q(x) to a few years prior to census (YPC). In other words, when mortality is declining these estimates would not refer to the year before the census but would refer to different points of time prior to census. The YPC corresponding to q(1) is generally about 1 year, for q(2) it varies between 2 and 2 1/2 years, for q(3) it varies between 4 to 5 years and for q(5) the YPC varies between 6 to 7 years. The four estimates of child mortality viz. q(1), q(2), q(3) and q(5) denote the number of deaths per 1000 live births by age 1, age 2, age 3 and age 5 respectively. Many a time, however, it has been noticed that the pro- gression of estimates of q(1), q(2), q(3) and q(5) is not smooth. In our es- timates, sometimes, q(1) is observed to be higher than q(2) which is not pos- sible. Sometimes, there is inconsistency between q(2) and q(3) also. Such estimates arise because of the inaccuracies in reporting of age, number of children born and surviving, small number of events reported and other fac- tors. Brass, in his presentation, had menioned that the estimates of q(1) could not be relied upon because of the small number of chidren born to women in the age group 15-19 leading to sampling errors. However, due to early mar- riage of females, the objection of small number of births to women in this age group may not be valid in India. However, the lack of consistency between es- timated figures results in serious limitations for the users. To remove the inconsistencies, graduation has been resorted to. As a general rule, the value of q(1) has been graduated. For this purpose, the expectations of life at birth corresponding to q(2), q(3) and q(5) were worked out from the South Asian pattern of Model Life Tables and their average taken. Corresponding to this average value of e the value of q(1) was interpolated. This interpolat- Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 23 ed value of q(1) has been taken as the graduated value of q(1). Wherever the values of q(2) or q(3) or q(5) were found to be inconsistent among themselves, they had also to be graduated. In some cases, the estimates are so incon- sistent with each other that it has not been possible to graduate them. In such cases, the estimates have been presented without graduation and a foot- note added so that the user distinguishes them from other undergraduated but useable estimates. Many such cases have been noticed in Smaller States and Union Territories despite 100 percent tabulation in these areas. The estimates presented in the tables are ungraduated estimates. The graduated figures, wherever graduation has been considered necessary, are also shown in brackets. The discussions in the following chapters are based on graduated estimates. The discussion in this paper is, in general, restricted to All India and States. Separate varityped publications are being brought out for the major states of India (with a population of 10 million and above in 1981) wherein detailed analysis for disparities, between districts within each state has been done. Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 24 Land utilisation Geographical Area The latest figures of geographical area for State/Union Territory/a Dis- trict as furnished by the Central Statistical Organizsation based on the Sur- veyor General of India's data should only be used. Reporting area for land utilisation purposes The Reporting Area stands for the area for which data on land use clas- sification of area are available. In area where land utilisation figures are based on land records, reporting area is the area according to village papers i.e. the papers prepared by the village accountants. In some cases the Vil- lage papers are not prepared for forest areas but the magnitude of such areas is known; also there are tracts in many States for which no Village Papers ex- ist but for which ad-hoc estimates of classification of area etc. are framed to complete coverage. In such cases, reporting area should give the summation of the area for which village papers actually exist and the area for which ad-hoc estimates are available. Forests Area under forests includes all lands classed as forests under any legal enactment dealing with forest or administered as forest, whether State owned or private, and whether wooded or maintained as potential forest land. The area of crops raised in the forest and grazing lands or areas open for grazing within the forests should remain included under the forest area. Area not available for cultivation -- Area under non-agricultural uses This stands for lands occupied by buildings, roads and railways or under- water, i.e. rivers and canals and other lands put to uses other than agricul- tural. Barren and unculturable land This covers all barren and unculturable land like mountains, deserts, etc., land which cannot be brought under cultivation unless at a high cost shall be classed as uncultruable, whether such land is in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings. Other uncultivated land excluding current fallow -- Permanent pastures and other grazing lands These cover all grazing lands, whether they are permanent pastures and meadows or not. Village common grazing lands shall be included under this head. Miscellaneous tree crops and groves not included in the net area sown. Under this class is included all cultivable land which is not included under "net area sown" but is put to some agricultural use. Lands under Casuar- ina trees, thatching grass, bamboo bushes and other groves for fuel etc., which are not included under orchards shall be classed under this category. Appendix V: Descriptions of variables 25 Culturable Waste These include all lands available for cultivation whether not taken up for cultivation or taken up for cultivation once, but not cultivated during the current year and last five years or more in succession. Such land may ei- ther be fallow or cover with shrbus and junglese which are not put to any use (They may be assessed or unassessed and may be in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings.) Land once cultivated but not cultivated for five years in succession shall also be included in this category at the end of five years. Fallow Land other than Current Fallows This implies all lands which were taken up for cultivation but are tem- porarily out of cultivation for a period of not less thanone year and not more than five years. The reasons for keeping a land fallow may be one of the fol- lowing: (1) poverty of cultivator, (2) inadequate supply of water, (3) malarial climate, (4) silting of canals and rivers, and (5) unremunerative na- ture of farming. Current Fallows This class comprises cropped areas which are kept fallow during the current year. For example, if any seedling area is not cropped again in the same year it mayf be treated as current fallow. Net Area Sown This represents the area sown with crops and orchard counting areas sown more than once in the same year only once.